Google Alert – (Artificial intelligence) OR (machine Learning)

Google Alert – (Artificial intelligence) OR (machine Learning)
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<p>Fei-Fei Li kicked off the <em>Architecture and Challenges</em> panel with the presentation “In search of the next AI North Star.” Li is a researcher in Computer Vision and AI + Healthcare, a computer science professor at the Stanford University, co-director Stanford Human-Centered AI Institute, and cofounder and chair at AI4ALL.</p><p>Problem formulation is the first step to any solution, and AI research is no exception, Li explains. Object recognition as one critical functionality of human intelligence has guided AI researchers to work on deploying it in artificial systems for the past two decades or so. Inspired by the research on the evolution of human/animal nervous systems, Li says she believes the next critical AI problem is how to build interactive learning agents that use perception and actuation to learn and understand the world.</p>
<div class=”wp-block-image”><figure class=”aligncenter size-large”><img data-attachment-id=”26693″ data-permalink=”https://syncedreview.com/2020/12/24/the-debate-of-the-next-decade-ai-debate-2-explores-agi-and-ai-ethics/image-106-19/” data-orig-file=”https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-106.png?fit=1276%2C635&ssl=1″ data-orig-size=”1276,635″ data-comments-opened=”1″ data-image-meta=”” data-image-title=”image-106″ data-image-description data-medium-file=”https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-106.png?fit=300%2C149&ssl=1″ data-large-file=”https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-106.png?fit=950%2C473&ssl=1″ loading=”lazy” width=”950″ height=”473″ src=”https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-106.png?resize=950%2C473&ssl=1″ alt=”image.png” class=”wp-image-26693″ srcset=”https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-106.png?resize=1024%2C510&ssl=1 1024w, https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-106.png?resize=300%2C149&ssl=1 300w, https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-106.png?resize=768%2C382&ssl=1 768w, https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-106.png?resize=600%2C299&ssl=1 600w, https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-106.png?w=1276&ssl=1 1276w” sizes=”(max-width: 950px) 100vw, 950px” data-recalc-dims=”1″></figure></div>
<p>Machine Learning Researcher Luis Lamb, who’s also a professor of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil, and Secretary of State for Innovation, Science and Technology, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, thinks the current key problem in AI is how to identify its necessary and sufficient building blocks, and how to develop trustworthy ML systems that are not only explainable, but also interpretable.</p>
<div class=”wp-block-image”><figure class=”aligncenter size-large”><img data-attachment-id=”26694″ data-permalink=”https://syncedreview.com/2020/12/24/the-debate-of-the-next-decade-ai-debate-2-explores-agi-and-ai-ethics/image-107-18/” data-orig-file=”https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-107.png?fit=1276%2C682&ssl=1″ data-orig-size=”1276,682″ data-comments-opened=”1″ data-image-meta=”” data-image-title=”image-107″ data-image-description data-medium-file=”https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-107.png?fit=300%2C160&ssl=1″ data-large-file=”https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-107.png?fit=950%2C507&ssl=1″ loading=”lazy” width=”950″ height=”507″ src=”https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-107.png?resize=950%2C507&ssl=1″ alt=”image.png” class=”wp-image-26694″ srcset=”https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-107.png?resize=1024%2C547&ssl=1 1024w, https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-107.png?resize=300%2C160&ssl=1 300w, https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-107.png?resize=768%2C410&ssl=1 768w, https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-107.png?resize=600%2C321&ssl=1 600w, https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-107.png?w=1276&ssl=1 1276w” sizes=”(max-width: 950px) 100vw, 950px” data-recalc-dims=”1″></figure></div>
<p>Richard Sutton, distinguished research scientist at DeepMind and a computing science professor at the University of Alberta in Canada, agrees that it’s important to understand the problem before offering solutions. He points out that AI has surprisingly little computational theory — it’s true in neuroscience that we’re missing a sort of higher-level understanding of the goals and purposes of the overall mind, and that’s also true in AI, he says.</p><p>AI needs an agreed-upon computational theory, Sutton explains, and he regards reinforcement learning (RL) as the first computational theory of intelligence, which is explicit about its goal — the whats and the whys of intelligence.</p>
<div class=”wp-block-image”><figure class=”aligncenter size-large”><img data-attachment-id=”26691″ data-permalink=”https://syncedreview.com/2020/12/24/the-debate-of-the-next-decade-ai-debate-2-explores-agi-and-ai-ethics/image-104-19/” data-orig-file=”https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-104.png?fit=1276%2C711&ssl=1″ data-orig-size=”1276,711″ data-comments-opened=”1″ data-image-meta=”” data-image-title=”image-104″ data-image-description data-medium-file=”https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-104.png?fit=300%2C167&ssl=1″ data-large-file=”https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-104.png?fit=950%2C530&ssl=1″ loading=”lazy” width=”950″ height=”530″ src=”https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-104.png?resize=950%2C530&ssl=1″ alt=”image.png” class=”wp-image-26691″ srcset=”https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-104.png?resize=1024%2C571&ssl=1 1024w, https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-104.png?resize=300%2C167&ssl=1 300w, https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-104.png?resize=768%2C428&ssl=1 768w, https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-104.png?resize=600%2C334&ssl=1 600w, https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-104.png?w=1276&ssl=1 1276w” sizes=”(max-width: 950px) 100vw, 950px” data-recalc-dims=”1″></figure></div>
<p>“It is well-established that AI can solve problems, but what we humans can do is still very unique,” says Ken Stanley, an OpenAI research manager and a courtesy computer sciences professor at the University of Central Florida. As humans exhibit “open-ended innovation,” AI researchers similarly need to pursue open-endedness in artificial systems.</p>
<div class=”wp-block-image”><figure class=”aligncenter size-large”><img data-attachment-id=”26695″ data-permalink=”https://syncedreview.com/2020/12/24/the-debate-of-the-next-decade-ai-debate-2-explores-agi-and-ai-ethics/image-108-19/” data-orig-file=”https://i0.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-108.png?fit=2444%2C1214&ssl=1″ data-orig-size=”2444,1214″ data-comments-opened=”1″ data-image-meta=”” data-image-title=”image-108″ data-image-description data-medium-file=”https://i0.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-108.png?fit=300%2C149&ssl=1″ data-large-file=”https://i0.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-108.png?fit=950%2C472&ssl=1″ loading=”lazy” width=”950″ height=”472″ src=”https://i0.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-108.png?resize=950%2C472&ssl=1″ alt=”image.png” class=”wp-image-26695″ srcset=”https://i0.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-108.png?resize=1024%2C509&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-108.png?resize=300%2C149&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-108.png?resize=768%2C381&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-108.png?resize=1536%2C763&ssl=1 1536w, https://i0.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-108.png?resize=2048%2C1017&ssl=1 2048w, https://i0.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-108.png?resize=600%2C298&ssl=1 600w, https://i0.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-108.png?w=1900&ssl=1 1900w” sizes=”(max-width: 950px) 100vw, 950px” data-recalc-dims=”1″></figure></div>
<p>Stanley emphasizes the importance of understanding what makes intelligence a fundamental aspect of humanity. He identifies several dimensions of intelligence that he believes are neglected: divergence, diversity preservation, stepping stone collection, etc.</p><p>Judea Pearl, Turing Award winner “for fundamental contributions to AI through the development of a calculus for probabilistic and causal reasoning” and director at the UCLA Cognitive Systems Laboratory, argues that next-level AI systems need added knowledge instead of remaining data-driven. This idea that knowledge of the world or common sense is one of the fundamental missing pieces is shared by Yejin Choi, an associate professor at the University of Washington who won the AAAI20 Outstanding Paper Award earlier this year.</p><p>The <em>Insights from Neuroscience and Psychology</em> panel had researchers from other disciplines share their views on topics such as how understanding feedback in brains could help build better AI systems.</p><p>The final panel, <em>Towards AI We Can Trust,</em> focused on AI ethics and how to deal with biases in ML systems. “Algorithmic bias is not only problematic for the direct harms it causes, but also for the cascading harms of how it impacts human beliefs,” says Celeste Kidd, a professor at UC Berkeley whose lab studies how humans form beliefs and build knowledge in the world.</p>
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<p>Unethical AI systems are problematic because they can be embedded seamlessly in people’s everyday lives and drive human beliefs in sometimes destructive and likely irreparable ways, Kidd explains. “The point here is that biases in AI systems reinforce and strengthen biases in the people who use them.”</p><p>Kidd says “right now is a terrifying time for ethics in AI,” especially with the termination of Timnit Gebru from Google. She says “it’s clear that private interests will not support diversity, equity and inclusion. It should horrify us that the control of algorithms that drive so much of our lives remains in the hands of a homogeneous narrow-minded minority.”</p><p>Margaret Mitchell, Gebru’s co-lead at Google’s Ethical AI team and one of the co-authors of the paper at the centre of the Gebru controversy, introduced research she and Gebru were working on. “One of the key things we were really trying to push forward in the ethical AI space is the role of foresight, and how that can be incorporated into all aspects of development.</p>
<div class=”wp-block-image”><figure class=”aligncenter size-large”><img data-attachment-id=”26690″ data-permalink=”https://syncedreview.com/2020/12/24/the-debate-of-the-next-decade-ai-debate-2-explores-agi-and-ai-ethics/image-103-18/” data-orig-file=”https://i0.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-103.png?fit=1276%2C737&ssl=1″ data-orig-size=”1276,737″ data-comments-opened=”1″ data-image-meta=”” data-image-title=”image-103″ data-image-description data-medium-file=”https://i0.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-103.png?fit=300%2C173&ssl=1″ data-large-file=”https://i0.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-103.png?fit=950%2C548&ssl=1″ loading=”lazy” width=”950″ height=”548″ src=”https://i0.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-103.png?resize=950%2C548&ssl=1″ alt=”image.png” class=”wp-image-26690″ srcset=”https://i0.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-103.png?resize=1024%2C591&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-103.png?resize=300%2C173&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-103.png?resize=768%2C444&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-103.png?resize=600%2C347&ssl=1 600w, https://i0.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-103.png?w=1276&ssl=1 1276w” sizes=”(max-width: 950px) 100vw, 950px” data-recalc-dims=”1″></figure></div>
<p>There’s no such thing as neutrality in algorithms or apolitical programming, Mitchell says. Human biases and different value judgements are everywhere — from training data to system structure, post-processing steps, and model output. “We were trying to break the system — we call it bias laundering. One of the fundamental parts of developing AI ethically is to make sure that from the start there is a diversity of perspectives and background at the table.”</p><p>This point is reflected in the format selected for this year’s AI Debate, which was designed to bring in different perspectives. As an old African proverb goes — “it takes a village to raise a child.” Marcus says it similarly would take a village to raise an AI that’s ethical, robust, and trustworthy. He concludes that it was great to have some pieces of that village gather together at this year’s AI Debate, and that he also sees a lot of convergence in what the panellists brought to the event.</p>
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<p><strong>Reporter</strong>: Yuan Yuan | <strong>Editor</strong>: Michael Sarazen</p>
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<p><strong>A new machine learning algorithm trained only with real data has classified over 2,300 supernovae with over 80% <span data-cmtooltip=”How close the measured value conforms to the correct value.” class=”glossaryLink “>accuracy</span>.</strong></p>
<p>Artificial intelligence is classifying real supernova explosions without the traditional use of spectra, thanks to a team of astronomers at the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian. The complete data sets and resulting classifications are publicly available for open use.</p>
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<p>By training a machine learning model to categorize supernovae based on their visible characteristics, the astronomers were able to classify real data from the Pan-STARRS1 Medium Deep Survey for 2,315 supernovae with an accuracy rate of 82-percent without the use of spectra.</p>
<p>The astronomers developed a software program that classifies different types of supernovae based on their light curves, or how their brightness changes over time. “We have approximately 2,500 supernovae with light curves from the Pan-STARRS1 Medium Deep Survey, and of those, 500 supernovae with spectra that can be used for classification,” said Griffin Hosseinzadeh, a postdoctoral researcher at the <span data-cmtooltip=”The Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA) is a joint venture between the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the Harvard College Observatory. Founded in 1973, the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics is comprised of six research divisions: Atomic and Molecular Physics; Optical and Infrared Astronomy; High Energy Astrophysics; Radio and Geoastronomy; Stellar, Solar, and Planetary Sciences; and Theoretical Astrophysics.” class=”glossaryLink “>CfA</span> and lead author on the first of two papers published in <cite>The Astrophysical Journal</cite>. “We trained the classifier using those 500 supernovae to classify the remaining supernovae where we were not able to observe the spectrum.”</p>
<div id=”attachment_106123″ class=”wp-caption aligncenter”><a href=”https://scitechdaily.com/images/Cassiopeia-A-Supernova-Remnant.jpg”><img aria-describedby=”caption-attachment-106123″ loading=”lazy” class=”size-large wp-image-106123″ src=”https://scitechdaily.com/images/Cassiopeia-A-Supernova-Remnant-777×571.jpg” alt=”Cassiopeia A Supernova Remnant” width=”777″ height=”571″ srcset=”https://scitechdaily.com/images/Cassiopeia-A-Supernova-Remnant-777×571.jpg 777w, https://scitechdaily.com/images/Cassiopeia-A-Supernova-Remnant-400×294.jpg 400w, https://scitechdaily.com/images/Cassiopeia-A-Supernova-Remnant-768×564.jpg 768w, https://scitechdaily.com/images/Cassiopeia-A-Supernova-Remnant-1536×1128.jpg 1536w, https://scitechdaily.com/images/Cassiopeia-A-Supernova-Remnant.jpg 1835w” sizes=”(max-width: 777px) 100vw, 777px”></a><p id=”caption-attachment-106123″ class=”wp-caption-text”>Cassiopeia A, or Cas A, is a supernova remnant located 10,000 light years away in the constellation Cassiopeia, and is the remnant of a once massive star that died in a violent explosion roughly 340 years ago. This image layers infrared, visible, and X-ray data to reveal filamentary structures of dust and gas. Cas A is amongst the 10-percent of supernovae that scientists are able to study closely. CfA’s new machine learning project will help to classify thousands, and eventually millions, of potentially interesting supernovae that may otherwise never be studied. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/STScI/CXC/SAO</p></div>
<p>Edo Berger, an astronomer at the CfA explained that by asking the artificial intelligence to answer specific questions, the results become increasingly more accurate. “The machine learning looks for a correlation with the original 500 spectroscopic labels. We ask it to compare the supernovae in different categories: color, rate of evolution, or brightness. By feeding it real existing knowledge, it leads to the highest accuracy, between 80- and 90-percent.”</p>
<p>Although this is not the first machine learning project for supernovae classification, it is the first time that astronomers have had access to a real data set large enough to train an artificial intelligence-based supernovae classifier, making it possible to create machine learning algorithms without the use of simulations.</p>
<p>“If you make a simulated light curve, it means you are making an assumption about what supernovae will look like, and your classifier will then learn those assumptions as well,” said Hosseinzadeh. “Nature will always throw some additional complications in that you did not account for, meaning that your classifier will not do as well on real data as it did on simulated data. Because we used real data to train our classifiers, it means our measured accuracy is probably more representative of how our classifiers will perform on other surveys.” As the classifier categorizes the supernovae, said Berger, “We will be able to study them both in retrospect and in real-time to pick out the most interesting events for detailed follow up. We will use the algorithm to help us pick out the needles and also to look at the haystack.”</p>
<p>The project has implications not only for archival data, but also for data that will be collected by future telescopes. The Vera C. Rubin Observatory is expected to go online in 2023, and will lead to the discovery of millions of new supernovae each year. This presents both opportunities and challenges for astrophysicists, where limited telescope time leads to limited spectral classifications.</p>
<p>“When the Rubin Observatory goes online it will increase our discovery rate of supernovae by 100-fold, but our spectroscopic resources will not increase,” said Ashley Villar, a Simons Junior Fellow at <span data-cmtooltip=”Columbia University is a private Ivy League research university in New York City that was established in 1754. This makes it the oldest institution of higher education in New York and the fifth-oldest in the United States. It is often just referred to as Columbia, but its official name is Columbia University in the City of New York.” class=”glossaryLink “>Columbia University</span> and lead author on the second of the two papers, adding that while roughly 10,000 supernovae are currently discovered each year, scientists only take spectra of about 10-percent of those objects. “If this holds true, it means that only 0.1-percent of supernovae discovered by the Rubin Observatory each year will get a spectroscopic label. The remaining 99.9-percent of data will be unusable without methods like ours.”</p>
<p>Unlike past efforts, where data sets and classifications have been available to only a limited number of astronomers, the data sets from the new machine learning algorithm will be made publicly available. The astronomers have created easy-to-use, accessible software, and also released all of the data from Pan-STARRS1 Medium Deep Survey along with the new classifications for use in other projects. Hosseinzadeh said, “It was really important to us that these projects be useful for the entire supernova community, not just for our group. There are so many projects that can be done with these data that we could never do them all ourselves.” Berger added, “These projects are open data for open science.”</p>
<p>References:</p>
<p>“SuperRAENN: A Semisupervised Supernova Photometric Classification Pipeline Trained on Pan-STARRS1 Medium-Deep Survey Supernovae” by V. Ashley Villar, Griffin Hosseinzadeh, Edo Berger, Michelle Ntampaka, David O. Jones, Peter Challis, Ryan Chornock, Maria R. Drout, Ryan J. Foley, Robert P. Kirshner, Ragnhild Lunnan, Raffaella Margutti, Dan Milisavljevic, Nathan Sanders, Yen-Chen Pan, Armin Rest, Daniel M. Scolnic, Eugene Magnier, Nigel Metcalfe, Richard Wainscoat and Christopher Waters, 17 December 2020, <cite>The Astrophysical Journal</cite>.<br><a href=”https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abc6fd”>DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/abc6fd</a></p>
<p>“Photometric Classification of 2315 Pan-STARRS1 Supernovae with Superphot” by Griffin Hosseinzadeh, Frederick Dauphin, V. Ashley Villar, Edo Berger, David O. Jones, Peter Challis, Ryan Chornock, Maria R. Drout, Ryan J. Foley, Robert P. Kirshner, Ragnhild Lunnan, Raffaella Margutti, Dan Milisavljevic, Yen-Chen Pan, Armin Rest, Daniel M. Scolnic, Eugene Magnier, Nigel Metcalfe, Richard Wainscoat and Christopher Waters, 17 December 2020, <cite>The Astrophysical Journal</cite>.<br><a href=”https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abc42b”>DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/abc42b</a></p>
<p>This project was funded in part by a grant from the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Harvard Data Science Initiative (HDSI).</p>
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<img src=”https://www.maritime-executive.com/media/images/PR2020/iocurrents-marineinsights.338aa6.jpeg” alt=”iocurrents” class=”img-responsive ” id>
<figcaption>Illustration courtesy ioCurrents</figcaption>
<p class=”author”>
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<a href=”https://www.maritime-executive.com/author/sean-m-holt” class=”color-2 font-roboto”>
Sean M. Holt
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12-24-2020 11:27:20
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(Article originally published in Sept/Oct 2020 edition.)
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<p>In the Port of Singapore, a vessel is quarantined at anchorage due to COVID. A ship’s officer is connected to either a class surveyor or an IBM Watson-powered Artificial Intelligence (AI) agent via voice-driven, industrial-grade smart glasses. With smart glasses’ ability to feed audio, video and even interactive 3-D augmented- or mixed-reality (AR/MR) digital images over the natural environment, the surveyor/agent instructs the officer as to where and what to look for to credit survey items.</p>
<p>The evolution of human intelligence and technology has always been driven by data. Our species was only able to transition from hunter-gathering tribes to modern agrarian societies once celestial-derived knowledge was attained and new tools developed. With technology’s exponential integration into everyday life, when will computers’ promise of freeing us instead of further enslaving us begin? How do we make sense of the infinite amount of data currently generated?</p>
<p>As stated by the antagonist, Nathan, in the 2015 film Ex Machina, “Here’s the weird thing about search engines [Big Data] …it’s like, striking oil in a world that hadn’t invented internal combustion. Too much raw material, no one knew what to do with it.” Now, with AI, we have deus ex machina (“god from the machine”), and these companies are making sense of this raw material.</p>
<p><strong><em>Wearable Tech</em></strong></p>
<p>Singapore-based Internet of Things (IoT) provider Cerekon is offering intrinsically safe, industrial-grade smart glasses and manufacturing solutions utilizing computer vision (CV) and machine learning (ML) via IBM Watson’s AI architecture.</p>
<p>Founder & CEO Rohit Deshmukh explains how 85 to 90 percent of maritime companies still use paper-based or mobile tablets for inspections. From a safety aspect, hands-free wearable devices allow surveys to continue even while climbing ladders. CV provides guided on- or offline inspection with indoor navigation, virtual checklists, work instructions for maintenance and repair of equipment as well as capturing image and video for objective evidence. </p>
<p> “COVID has placed big pressure on maintenance and upkeep onboard vessels,” Deshmukh says. “Scheduled inspections have been deferred and must now meet requirements – particularly those in restricted areas. Today, an officer can wear their smart glasses and go to the inspection areas with a class surveyor remotely guiding them.”</p>
<p>As of mid-September, Cerekon has been conducting proof-of-concept for inspections and remote support with Thome Group, Teekay, BP and Adriatic Shipping.</p>
<p>For warehouse management and enterprise resource planning systems, real-time object recognition can assist logistics by locating products, reading barcodes, updating inventory, picking validation and determining availability. Once online, this subscription as a service (SaaS) syncs-up with the cloud for analytics and report generation. Deshmukh claims Cerekon’s compressed data allows live video-streaming at 150 kbps (typically requiring 500-600 kbps), which equals wider global coverage for remote assistance.</p>
<p><strong><em>Digital Class</em></strong></p>
<p>Classification is going through a major technical transformation. Thanks to COVID, adoption has accelerated AI-driven inspections, remote inspection techniques (RITs) and condition-based surveys. Kash Mahmood, Senior Vice President for Digital Solutions at leading class society ABS, says the core objectives of condition-based surveys are safety and increased performance.</p>
<p>The ABS Digital Asset Framework incorporates IoT-connected sensors, ML, AI and software to enable the shift from a calendar-based to a condition-based schedule. Digital asset twins are developed, then broken down into modules that are scored based on 160 data variations.</p>
<p>These digital twins address double categories for production, which focuses on design capital expenditures and simulation, and operations – how the asset’s operational expenditures are behaving versus their design elements. The goal is a completely managed lifecycle that provides a better understanding of assets from cradle to grave.</p>
<p>Risk-based modeling compiles operational profiles through historical data, load and damage exposure, original equipment manufacturers’ recommendations and health-monitoring techniques from sensors and smart equipment. By identifying risk and pinpointing failure modes, the results help enhance structures, increase machinery reliability and improve environmental compliance for discharge and emissions.</p>
<p>Steve Grotsky, ABS’s Director of Commercial Operations, explains that remote surveys are part of the present and future through a mix of onboard surveyors and remote inspection techniques (RITs) that comply with rules and conditions. ABS has been aggressively scaling up its cloud-based remote survey platform.</p>
<p>Clients can now go online to check which inspections qualify for remote surveys and even book through SMS or WhatsApp. With a 24-hour turnaround, owners and operators can use their iOS or Android devices to call a surveyor for guidance, take pictures and videos and upload objective evidence for crediting.</p>
<p>Marine and offshore corrosion is estimated to cost the industry $50-$80 billion per year. RITs and AI-driven inspections can improve asset monitoring across survey and maintenance strategies. To determine corrosion and coating breakdown, inspection data gathered remotely from drones, crawlers or ROVs are automatically assessed using ML.</p>
<p>ML objectively identifies anomalies, effectively defines proper corrosion ratings and determines timelines to rectify. To assist vessels on the go, AI can tap into a vessel’s AIS positioning to provide geo-fencing predictives of what to expect upon arrival in a port. Aggregation of data records (in the order of tens of millions) from vessel loadline surveys, maritime mobile service identities and port state inspection results provide automatic notifications and recommendations that hedge against general or vessel-specific detention items.</p>
<p><strong><em>Deciphering Big Data</em></strong></p>
<p>“Big Data has been around for more than 10 years,” says Cosmo King, CEO of Seattle-based tech firm ioCurrents. “Everyone got big data and didn’t know what to do with it. It became myopic and not the big picture. Now, AI and ML relieves data analytics and begins telling us what it all means through answer sets. Digitization gives you the data. Our platform tells a story. One can only check things so many times a day with a clipboard. AI can help while continuously analyzing and relieving some of the decision fatigue.”</p>
<p>ioCurrents MarineInsights™ analytics platform is a SaaS with a hardware component. Its mission is to help predict failures, optimize fuel and improve maintenance. It helps companies (particularly small to medium enterprises) become more competitive by helping them know when and where to look for problems and opportunities. King helps demystify AI by stating that it’s not the Terminator but rather a means for inputs/outputs and solutions. </p>
<p>ioCurrents starts by shipping a small box with Wi-Fi and two ethernet cables to plug in for a month of data. This builds a digital twin that establishes a normal baseline for its Automated Anomaly Detection (AAD) system. From there, it adds prescribed equipment thresholds (i.e., if OEM widget goes above x degrees or reaches a certain age, it will fail). </p>
<p>Examples: a 30-minute heads-up before a bearing failure, or five days advance notice on a generator outage due to a variance typically not alarmed on OEM panels, or the system detects anomalies when throttle, bearing temperatures and/or fuel pressure don’t all linearly increase.</p>
<p>Cosmo says that ioCurrents’ products are even changing crew behavior as the owner/operator is notified when any vessel in their fleet is idling too long and building carbon. Engines not under load are turned off, which reduces engine hours and maintenance, consumes less fuel and lowers emissions.</p>
<p><strong><em>Supply Chain Management</em></strong></p>
<p>To bolster and accelerate market velocity, Joseph Hudicka, Managing Director of Neurored, is leading the charge for the Seamless Shipper Experience. “If you don’t invest in yourself,” he says, “the other guy will crush you. Resiliency is what is needed through digital transformation and connectedness.” </p>
<p>As a trusted Salesforce Partner, Neurored harmonizes freight forwarders, traders and global shippers by tying together sourcing, logistics and sellers on a single cloud-based supply chain management and transportation management system software suite. Its Salesforce app allows users to track and trace vessels, vehicles and cargo containers using satellite AIS, IoT and integration with carriers.</p>
<p>Neurored leverages Salesforce Einstein AI’s growing network. Derived from data gathered on every user action, it integrates invoicing plus customer relationship management and is capable of real-time automated quotes with historical and predictive analytics. Atop of Salesforce’s proven and trusted platform and with clients like LafargeHolcim – not to mention playing a critical role in deploying personal protective equipment to front line workers – Neurored is prime time.</p>
<p><strong><em>A Higher Power</em></strong></p>
<p>For technology to truly become a value-add, it must perform several functions: Help alleviate workload, increase efficiencies, reduce risk and not overly displace our ability to provide. However, humanity now requires a higher (processing) power to adapt.</p>
<p>With our newfound ability to harness the power of a god from the machine, the immediate future appears bright for those willing to boldly go. </p>
<p><em>Former class surveyor and ISO auditor Sean Holt is a regular contributor to The Maritime Executive.</em></p>
<p>The opinions expressed herein are the author’s and not necessarily those of The Maritime Executive.</p>
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<div class=”wp-block-image”><figure class=”aligncenter size-large”><img data-attachment-id=”26689″ data-permalink=”https://syncedreview.com/2020/12/24/the-debate-of-the-next-decade-ai-debate-2-explores-agi-and-ai-ethics/image-102-20/” data-orig-file=”https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-102.png?fit=1276%2C717&ssl=1″ data-orig-size=”1276,717″ data-comments-opened=”1″ data-image-meta=”” data-image-title=”image-102″ data-image-description data-medium-file=”https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-102.png?fit=300%2C169&ssl=1″ data-large-file=”https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-102.png?fit=950%2C533&ssl=1″ loading=”lazy” width=”950″ height=”533″ src=”https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-102.png?resize=950%2C533&ssl=1″ alt=”image.png” class=”wp-image-26689″ srcset=”https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-102.png?resize=1024%2C576&ssl=1 1024w, https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-102.png?resize=300%2C169&ssl=1 300w, https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-102.png?resize=768%2C432&ssl=1 768w, https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-102.png?resize=1260%2C709&ssl=1 1260w, https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-102.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 800w, https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-102.png?resize=600%2C337&ssl=1 600w, https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-102.png?w=1276&ssl=1 1276w” sizes=”(max-width: 950px) 100vw, 950px” data-recalc-dims=”1″></figure></div>
<p>Fei-Fei Li kicked off the <em>Architecture and Challenges</em> panel with the presentation “In search of the next AI North Star.” Li is a researcher in Computer Vision and AI + Healthcare, a computer science professor at the Stanford University, co-director Stanford Human-Centered AI Institute, and cofounder and chair at AI4ALL.</p><p>Problem formulation is the first step to any solution, and AI research is no exception, Li explains. Object recognition as one critical functionality of human intelligence has guided AI researchers to work on deploying it in artificial systems for the past two decades or so. Inspired by the research on the evolution of human/animal nervous systems, Li says she believes the next critical AI problem is how to build interactive learning agents that use perception and actuation to learn and understand the world.</p>
<div class=”wp-block-image”><figure class=”aligncenter size-large”><img data-attachment-id=”26693″ data-permalink=”https://syncedreview.com/2020/12/24/the-debate-of-the-next-decade-ai-debate-2-explores-agi-and-ai-ethics/image-106-19/” data-orig-file=”https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-106.png?fit=1276%2C635&ssl=1″ data-orig-size=”1276,635″ data-comments-opened=”1″ data-image-meta=”” data-image-title=”image-106″ data-image-description data-medium-file=”https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-106.png?fit=300%2C149&ssl=1″ data-large-file=”https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-106.png?fit=950%2C473&ssl=1″ loading=”lazy” width=”950″ height=”473″ src=”https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-106.png?resize=950%2C473&ssl=1″ alt=”image.png” class=”wp-image-26693″ srcset=”https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-106.png?resize=1024%2C510&ssl=1 1024w, https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-106.png?resize=300%2C149&ssl=1 300w, https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-106.png?resize=768%2C382&ssl=1 768w, https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-106.png?resize=600%2C299&ssl=1 600w, https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-106.png?w=1276&ssl=1 1276w” sizes=”(max-width: 950px) 100vw, 950px” data-recalc-dims=”1″></figure></div>
<p>Machine Learning Researcher Luis Lamb, who’s also a professor of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil, and Secretary of State for Innovation, Science and Technology, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, thinks the current key problem in AI is how to identify its necessary and sufficient building blocks, and how to develop trustworthy ML systems that are not only explainable, but also interpretable.</p>
<div class=”wp-block-image”><figure class=”aligncenter size-large”><img data-attachment-id=”26694″ data-permalink=”https://syncedreview.com/2020/12/24/the-debate-of-the-next-decade-ai-debate-2-explores-agi-and-ai-ethics/image-107-18/” data-orig-file=”https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-107.png?fit=1276%2C682&ssl=1″ data-orig-size=”1276,682″ data-comments-opened=”1″ data-image-meta=”” data-image-title=”image-107″ data-image-description data-medium-file=”https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-107.png?fit=300%2C160&ssl=1″ data-large-file=”https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-107.png?fit=950%2C507&ssl=1″ loading=”lazy” width=”950″ height=”507″ src=”https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-107.png?resize=950%2C507&ssl=1″ alt=”image.png” class=”wp-image-26694″ srcset=”https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-107.png?resize=1024%2C547&ssl=1 1024w, https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-107.png?resize=300%2C160&ssl=1 300w, https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-107.png?resize=768%2C410&ssl=1 768w, https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-107.png?resize=600%2C321&ssl=1 600w, https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-107.png?w=1276&ssl=1 1276w” sizes=”(max-width: 950px) 100vw, 950px” data-recalc-dims=”1″></figure></div>
<p>Richard Sutton, distinguished research scientist at DeepMind and a computing science professor at the University of Alberta in Canada, agrees that it’s important to understand the problem before offering solutions. He points out that AI has surprisingly little computational theory — it’s true in neuroscience that we’re missing a sort of higher-level understanding of the goals and purposes of the overall mind, and that’s also true in AI, he says.</p><p>AI needs an agreed-upon computational theory, Sutton explains, and he regards reinforcement learning (RL) as the first computational theory of intelligence, which is explicit about its goal — the whats and the whys of intelligence.</p>
<div class=”wp-block-image”><figure class=”aligncenter size-large”><img data-attachment-id=”26691″ data-permalink=”https://syncedreview.com/2020/12/24/the-debate-of-the-next-decade-ai-debate-2-explores-agi-and-ai-ethics/image-104-19/” data-orig-file=”https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-104.png?fit=1276%2C711&ssl=1″ data-orig-size=”1276,711″ data-comments-opened=”1″ data-image-meta=”” data-image-title=”image-104″ data-image-description data-medium-file=”https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-104.png?fit=300%2C167&ssl=1″ data-large-file=”https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-104.png?fit=950%2C530&ssl=1″ loading=”lazy” width=”950″ height=”530″ src=”https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-104.png?resize=950%2C530&ssl=1″ alt=”image.png” class=”wp-image-26691″ srcset=”https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-104.png?resize=1024%2C571&ssl=1 1024w, https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-104.png?resize=300%2C167&ssl=1 300w, https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-104.png?resize=768%2C428&ssl=1 768w, https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-104.png?resize=600%2C334&ssl=1 600w, https://i1.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-104.png?w=1276&ssl=1 1276w” sizes=”(max-width: 950px) 100vw, 950px” data-recalc-dims=”1″></figure></div>
<p>“It is well-established that AI can solve problems, but what we humans can do is still very unique,” says Ken Stanley, an OpenAI research manager and a courtesy computer sciences professor at the University of Central Florida. As humans exhibit “open-ended innovation,” AI researchers similarly need to pursue open-endedness in artificial systems.</p>
<div class=”wp-block-image”><figure class=”aligncenter size-large”><img data-attachment-id=”26695″ data-permalink=”https://syncedreview.com/2020/12/24/the-debate-of-the-next-decade-ai-debate-2-explores-agi-and-ai-ethics/image-108-19/” data-orig-file=”https://i0.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-108.png?fit=2444%2C1214&ssl=1″ data-orig-size=”2444,1214″ data-comments-opened=”1″ data-image-meta=”” data-image-title=”image-108″ data-image-description data-medium-file=”https://i0.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-108.png?fit=300%2C149&ssl=1″ data-large-file=”https://i0.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-108.png?fit=950%2C472&ssl=1″ loading=”lazy” width=”950″ height=”472″ src=”https://i0.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-108.png?resize=950%2C472&ssl=1″ alt=”image.png” class=”wp-image-26695″ srcset=”https://i0.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-108.png?resize=1024%2C509&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-108.png?resize=300%2C149&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-108.png?resize=768%2C381&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-108.png?resize=1536%2C763&ssl=1 1536w, https://i0.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-108.png?resize=2048%2C1017&ssl=1 2048w, https://i0.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-108.png?resize=600%2C298&ssl=1 600w, https://i0.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-108.png?w=1900&ssl=1 1900w” sizes=”(max-width: 950px) 100vw, 950px” data-recalc-dims=”1″></figure></div>
<p>Stanley emphasizes the importance of understanding what makes intelligence a fundamental aspect of humanity. He identifies several dimensions of intelligence that he believes are neglected: divergence, diversity preservation, stepping stone collection, etc.</p><p>Judea Pearl, Turing Award winner “for fundamental contributions to AI through the development of a calculus for probabilistic and causal reasoning” and director at the UCLA Cognitive Systems Laboratory, argues that next-level AI systems need added knowledge instead of remaining data-driven. This idea that knowledge of the world or common sense is one of the fundamental missing pieces is shared by Yejin Choi, an associate professor at the University of Washington who won the AAAI20 Outstanding Paper Award earlier this year.</p><p>The <em>Insights from Neuroscience and Psychology</em> panel had researchers from other disciplines share their views on topics such as how understanding feedback in brains could help build better AI systems.</p><p>The final panel, <em>Towards AI We Can Trust,</em> focused on AI ethics and how to deal with biases in ML systems. “Algorithmic bias is not only problematic for the direct harms it causes, but also for the cascading harms of how it impacts human beliefs,” says Celeste Kidd, a professor at UC Berkeley whose lab studies how humans form beliefs and build knowledge in the world.</p>
<div class=”wp-block-image”><figure class=”aligncenter size-large”><img data-attachment-id=”26692″ data-permalink=”https://syncedreview.com/2020/12/24/the-debate-of-the-next-decade-ai-debate-2-explores-agi-and-ai-ethics/image-105-18/” data-orig-file=”https://i2.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-105.png?fit=1276%2C717&ssl=1″ data-orig-size=”1276,717″ data-comments-opened=”1″ data-image-meta=”” data-image-title=”image-105″ data-image-description data-medium-file=”https://i2.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-105.png?fit=300%2C169&ssl=1″ data-large-file=”https://i2.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-105.png?fit=950%2C533&ssl=1″ loading=”lazy” width=”950″ height=”533″ src=”https://i2.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-105.png?resize=950%2C533&ssl=1″ alt=”image.png” class=”wp-image-26692″ srcset=”https://i2.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-105.png?resize=1024%2C576&ssl=1 1024w, https://i2.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-105.png?resize=300%2C169&ssl=1 300w, https://i2.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-105.png?resize=768%2C432&ssl=1 768w, https://i2.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-105.png?resize=1260%2C709&ssl=1 1260w, https://i2.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-105.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 800w, https://i2.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-105.png?resize=600%2C337&ssl=1 600w, https://i2.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-105.png?w=1276&ssl=1 1276w” sizes=”(max-width: 950px) 100vw, 950px” data-recalc-dims=”1″></figure></div>
<p>Unethical AI systems are problematic because they can be embedded seamlessly in people’s everyday lives and drive human beliefs in sometimes destructive and likely irreparable ways, Kidd explains. “The point here is that biases in AI systems reinforce and strengthen biases in the people who use them.”</p><p>Kidd says “right now is a terrifying time for ethics in AI,” especially with the termination of Timnit Gebru from Google. She says “it’s clear that private interests will not support diversity, equity and inclusion. It should horrify us that the control of algorithms that drive so much of our lives remains in the hands of a homogeneous narrow-minded minority.”</p><p>Margaret Mitchell, Gebru’s co-lead at Google’s Ethical AI team and one of the co-authors of the paper at the centre of the Gebru controversy, introduced research she and Gebru were working on. “One of the key things we were really trying to push forward in the ethical AI space is the role of foresight, and how that can be incorporated into all aspects of development.</p>
<div class=”wp-block-image”><figure class=”aligncenter size-large”><img data-attachment-id=”26690″ data-permalink=”https://syncedreview.com/2020/12/24/the-debate-of-the-next-decade-ai-debate-2-explores-agi-and-ai-ethics/image-103-18/” data-orig-file=”https://i0.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-103.png?fit=1276%2C737&ssl=1″ data-orig-size=”1276,737″ data-comments-opened=”1″ data-image-meta=”” data-image-title=”image-103″ data-image-description data-medium-file=”https://i0.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-103.png?fit=300%2C173&ssl=1″ data-large-file=”https://i0.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-103.png?fit=950%2C548&ssl=1″ loading=”lazy” width=”950″ height=”548″ src=”https://i0.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-103.png?resize=950%2C548&ssl=1″ alt=”image.png” class=”wp-image-26690″ srcset=”https://i0.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-103.png?resize=1024%2C591&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-103.png?resize=300%2C173&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-103.png?resize=768%2C444&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-103.png?resize=600%2C347&ssl=1 600w, https://i0.wp.com/syncedreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/image-103.png?w=1276&ssl=1 1276w” sizes=”(max-width: 950px) 100vw, 950px” data-recalc-dims=”1″></figure></div>
<p>There’s no such thing as neutrality in algorithms or apolitical programming, Mitchell says. Human biases and different value judgements are everywhere — from training data to system structure, post-processing steps, and model output. “We were trying to break the system — we call it bias laundering. One of the fundamental parts of developing AI ethically is to make sure that from the start there is a diversity of perspectives and background at the table.”</p><p>This point is reflected in the format selected for this year’s AI Debate, which was designed to bring in different perspectives. As an old African proverb goes — “it takes a village to raise a child.” Marcus says it similarly would take a village to raise an AI that’s ethical, robust, and trustworthy. He concludes that it was great to have some pieces of that village gather together at this year’s AI Debate, and that he also sees a lot of convergence in what the panellists brought to the event.</p>
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<p><strong>Reporter</strong>: Yuan Yuan | <strong>Editor</strong>: Michael Sarazen</p>
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<p><strong>A new machine learning algorithm trained only with real data has classified over 2,300 supernovae with over 80% <span data-cmtooltip=”How close the measured value conforms to the correct value.” class=”glossaryLink “>accuracy</span>.</strong></p>
<p>Artificial intelligence is classifying real supernova explosions without the traditional use of spectra, thanks to a team of astronomers at the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian. The complete data sets and resulting classifications are publicly available for open use.</p>
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<p>By training a machine learning model to categorize supernovae based on their visible characteristics, the astronomers were able to classify real data from the Pan-STARRS1 Medium Deep Survey for 2,315 supernovae with an accuracy rate of 82-percent without the use of spectra.</p>
<p>The astronomers developed a software program that classifies different types of supernovae based on their light curves, or how their brightness changes over time. “We have approximately 2,500 supernovae with light curves from the Pan-STARRS1 Medium Deep Survey, and of those, 500 supernovae with spectra that can be used for classification,” said Griffin Hosseinzadeh, a postdoctoral researcher at the <span data-cmtooltip=”The Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA) is a joint venture between the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the Harvard College Observatory. Founded in 1973, the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics is comprised of six research divisions: Atomic and Molecular Physics; Optical and Infrared Astronomy; High Energy Astrophysics; Radio and Geoastronomy; Stellar, Solar, and Planetary Sciences; and Theoretical Astrophysics.” class=”glossaryLink “>CfA</span> and lead author on the first of two papers published in <cite>The Astrophysical Journal</cite>. “We trained the classifier using those 500 supernovae to classify the remaining supernovae where we were not able to observe the spectrum.”</p>
<div id=”attachment_106123″ class=”wp-caption aligncenter”><a href=”https://scitechdaily.com/images/Cassiopeia-A-Supernova-Remnant.jpg”><img aria-describedby=”caption-attachment-106123″ loading=”lazy” class=”size-large wp-image-106123″ src=”https://scitechdaily.com/images/Cassiopeia-A-Supernova-Remnant-777×571.jpg” alt=”Cassiopeia A Supernova Remnant” width=”777″ height=”571″ srcset=”https://scitechdaily.com/images/Cassiopeia-A-Supernova-Remnant-777×571.jpg 777w, https://scitechdaily.com/images/Cassiopeia-A-Supernova-Remnant-400×294.jpg 400w, https://scitechdaily.com/images/Cassiopeia-A-Supernova-Remnant-768×564.jpg 768w, https://scitechdaily.com/images/Cassiopeia-A-Supernova-Remnant-1536×1128.jpg 1536w, https://scitechdaily.com/images/Cassiopeia-A-Supernova-Remnant.jpg 1835w” sizes=”(max-width: 777px) 100vw, 777px”></a><p id=”caption-attachment-106123″ class=”wp-caption-text”>Cassiopeia A, or Cas A, is a supernova remnant located 10,000 light years away in the constellation Cassiopeia, and is the remnant of a once massive star that died in a violent explosion roughly 340 years ago. This image layers infrared, visible, and X-ray data to reveal filamentary structures of dust and gas. Cas A is amongst the 10-percent of supernovae that scientists are able to study closely. CfA’s new machine learning project will help to classify thousands, and eventually millions, of potentially interesting supernovae that may otherwise never be studied. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/STScI/CXC/SAO</p></div>
<p>Edo Berger, an astronomer at the CfA explained that by asking the artificial intelligence to answer specific questions, the results become increasingly more accurate. “The machine learning looks for a correlation with the original 500 spectroscopic labels. We ask it to compare the supernovae in different categories: color, rate of evolution, or brightness. By feeding it real existing knowledge, it leads to the highest accuracy, between 80- and 90-percent.”</p>
<p>Although this is not the first machine learning project for supernovae classification, it is the first time that astronomers have had access to a real data set large enough to train an artificial intelligence-based supernovae classifier, making it possible to create machine learning algorithms without the use of simulations.</p>
<p>“If you make a simulated light curve, it means you are making an assumption about what supernovae will look like, and your classifier will then learn those assumptions as well,” said Hosseinzadeh. “Nature will always throw some additional complications in that you did not account for, meaning that your classifier will not do as well on real data as it did on simulated data. Because we used real data to train our classifiers, it means our measured accuracy is probably more representative of how our classifiers will perform on other surveys.” As the classifier categorizes the supernovae, said Berger, “We will be able to study them both in retrospect and in real-time to pick out the most interesting events for detailed follow up. We will use the algorithm to help us pick out the needles and also to look at the haystack.”</p>
<p>The project has implications not only for archival data, but also for data that will be collected by future telescopes. The Vera C. Rubin Observatory is expected to go online in 2023, and will lead to the discovery of millions of new supernovae each year. This presents both opportunities and challenges for astrophysicists, where limited telescope time leads to limited spectral classifications.</p>
<p>“When the Rubin Observatory goes online it will increase our discovery rate of supernovae by 100-fold, but our spectroscopic resources will not increase,” said Ashley Villar, a Simons Junior Fellow at <span data-cmtooltip=”Columbia University is a private Ivy League research university in New York City that was established in 1754. This makes it the oldest institution of higher education in New York and the fifth-oldest in the United States. It is often just referred to as Columbia, but its official name is Columbia University in the City of New York.” class=”glossaryLink “>Columbia University</span> and lead author on the second of the two papers, adding that while roughly 10,000 supernovae are currently discovered each year, scientists only take spectra of about 10-percent of those objects. “If this holds true, it means that only 0.1-percent of supernovae discovered by the Rubin Observatory each year will get a spectroscopic label. The remaining 99.9-percent of data will be unusable without methods like ours.”</p>
<p>Unlike past efforts, where data sets and classifications have been available to only a limited number of astronomers, the data sets from the new machine learning algorithm will be made publicly available. The astronomers have created easy-to-use, accessible software, and also released all of the data from Pan-STARRS1 Medium Deep Survey along with the new classifications for use in other projects. Hosseinzadeh said, “It was really important to us that these projects be useful for the entire supernova community, not just for our group. There are so many projects that can be done with these data that we could never do them all ourselves.” Berger added, “These projects are open data for open science.”</p>
<p>References:</p>
<p>“SuperRAENN: A Semisupervised Supernova Photometric Classification Pipeline Trained on Pan-STARRS1 Medium-Deep Survey Supernovae” by V. Ashley Villar, Griffin Hosseinzadeh, Edo Berger, Michelle Ntampaka, David O. Jones, Peter Challis, Ryan Chornock, Maria R. Drout, Ryan J. Foley, Robert P. Kirshner, Ragnhild Lunnan, Raffaella Margutti, Dan Milisavljevic, Nathan Sanders, Yen-Chen Pan, Armin Rest, Daniel M. Scolnic, Eugene Magnier, Nigel Metcalfe, Richard Wainscoat and Christopher Waters, 17 December 2020, <cite>The Astrophysical Journal</cite>.<br><a href=”https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abc6fd”>DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/abc6fd</a></p>
<p>“Photometric Classification of 2315 Pan-STARRS1 Supernovae with Superphot” by Griffin Hosseinzadeh, Frederick Dauphin, V. Ashley Villar, Edo Berger, David O. Jones, Peter Challis, Ryan Chornock, Maria R. Drout, Ryan J. Foley, Robert P. Kirshner, Ragnhild Lunnan, Raffaella Margutti, Dan Milisavljevic, Yen-Chen Pan, Armin Rest, Daniel M. Scolnic, Eugene Magnier, Nigel Metcalfe, Richard Wainscoat and Christopher Waters, 17 December 2020, <cite>The Astrophysical Journal</cite>.<br><a href=”https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abc42b”>DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/abc42b</a></p>
<p>This project was funded in part by a grant from the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Harvard Data Science Initiative (HDSI).</p>
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<figcaption>Illustration courtesy ioCurrents</figcaption>
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<a href=”https://www.maritime-executive.com/author/sean-m-holt” class=”color-2 font-roboto”>
Sean M. Holt
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(Article originally published in Sept/Oct 2020 edition.)
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<p>In the Port of Singapore, a vessel is quarantined at anchorage due to COVID. A ship’s officer is connected to either a class surveyor or an IBM Watson-powered Artificial Intelligence (AI) agent via voice-driven, industrial-grade smart glasses. With smart glasses’ ability to feed audio, video and even interactive 3-D augmented- or mixed-reality (AR/MR) digital images over the natural environment, the surveyor/agent instructs the officer as to where and what to look for to credit survey items.</p>
<p>The evolution of human intelligence and technology has always been driven by data. Our species was only able to transition from hunter-gathering tribes to modern agrarian societies once celestial-derived knowledge was attained and new tools developed. With technology’s exponential integration into everyday life, when will computers’ promise of freeing us instead of further enslaving us begin? How do we make sense of the infinite amount of data currently generated?</p>
<p>As stated by the antagonist, Nathan, in the 2015 film Ex Machina, “Here’s the weird thing about search engines [Big Data] …it’s like, striking oil in a world that hadn’t invented internal combustion. Too much raw material, no one knew what to do with it.” Now, with AI, we have deus ex machina (“god from the machine”), and these companies are making sense of this raw material.</p>
<p><strong><em>Wearable Tech</em></strong></p>
<p>Singapore-based Internet of Things (IoT) provider Cerekon is offering intrinsically safe, industrial-grade smart glasses and manufacturing solutions utilizing computer vision (CV) and machine learning (ML) via IBM Watson’s AI architecture.</p>
<p>Founder & CEO Rohit Deshmukh explains how 85 to 90 percent of maritime companies still use paper-based or mobile tablets for inspections. From a safety aspect, hands-free wearable devices allow surveys to continue even while climbing ladders. CV provides guided on- or offline inspection with indoor navigation, virtual checklists, work instructions for maintenance and repair of equipment as well as capturing image and video for objective evidence. </p>
<p> “COVID has placed big pressure on maintenance and upkeep onboard vessels,” Deshmukh says. “Scheduled inspections have been deferred and must now meet requirements – particularly those in restricted areas. Today, an officer can wear their smart glasses and go to the inspection areas with a class surveyor remotely guiding them.”</p>
<p>As of mid-September, Cerekon has been conducting proof-of-concept for inspections and remote support with Thome Group, Teekay, BP and Adriatic Shipping.</p>
<p>For warehouse management and enterprise resource planning systems, real-time object recognition can assist logistics by locating products, reading barcodes, updating inventory, picking validation and determining availability. Once online, this subscription as a service (SaaS) syncs-up with the cloud for analytics and report generation. Deshmukh claims Cerekon’s compressed data allows live video-streaming at 150 kbps (typically requiring 500-600 kbps), which equals wider global coverage for remote assistance.</p>
<p><strong><em>Digital Class</em></strong></p>
<p>Classification is going through a major technical transformation. Thanks to COVID, adoption has accelerated AI-driven inspections, remote inspection techniques (RITs) and condition-based surveys. Kash Mahmood, Senior Vice President for Digital Solutions at leading class society ABS, says the core objectives of condition-based surveys are safety and increased performance.</p>
<p>The ABS Digital Asset Framework incorporates IoT-connected sensors, ML, AI and software to enable the shift from a calendar-based to a condition-based schedule. Digital asset twins are developed, then broken down into modules that are scored based on 160 data variations.</p>
<p>These digital twins address double categories for production, which focuses on design capital expenditures and simulation, and operations – how the asset’s operational expenditures are behaving versus their design elements. The goal is a completely managed lifecycle that provides a better understanding of assets from cradle to grave.</p>
<p>Risk-based modeling compiles operational profiles through historical data, load and damage exposure, original equipment manufacturers’ recommendations and health-monitoring techniques from sensors and smart equipment. By identifying risk and pinpointing failure modes, the results help enhance structures, increase machinery reliability and improve environmental compliance for discharge and emissions.</p>
<p>Steve Grotsky, ABS’s Director of Commercial Operations, explains that remote surveys are part of the present and future through a mix of onboard surveyors and remote inspection techniques (RITs) that comply with rules and conditions. ABS has been aggressively scaling up its cloud-based remote survey platform.</p>
<p>Clients can now go online to check which inspections qualify for remote surveys and even book through SMS or WhatsApp. With a 24-hour turnaround, owners and operators can use their iOS or Android devices to call a surveyor for guidance, take pictures and videos and upload objective evidence for crediting.</p>
<p>Marine and offshore corrosion is estimated to cost the industry $50-$80 billion per year. RITs and AI-driven inspections can improve asset monitoring across survey and maintenance strategies. To determine corrosion and coating breakdown, inspection data gathered remotely from drones, crawlers or ROVs are automatically assessed using ML.</p>
<p>ML objectively identifies anomalies, effectively defines proper corrosion ratings and determines timelines to rectify. To assist vessels on the go, AI can tap into a vessel’s AIS positioning to provide geo-fencing predictives of what to expect upon arrival in a port. Aggregation of data records (in the order of tens of millions) from vessel loadline surveys, maritime mobile service identities and port state inspection results provide automatic notifications and recommendations that hedge against general or vessel-specific detention items.</p>
<p><strong><em>Deciphering Big Data</em></strong></p>
<p>“Big Data has been around for more than 10 years,” says Cosmo King, CEO of Seattle-based tech firm ioCurrents. “Everyone got big data and didn’t know what to do with it. It became myopic and not the big picture. Now, AI and ML relieves data analytics and begins telling us what it all means through answer sets. Digitization gives you the data. Our platform tells a story. One can only check things so many times a day with a clipboard. AI can help while continuously analyzing and relieving some of the decision fatigue.”</p>
<p>ioCurrents MarineInsights™ analytics platform is a SaaS with a hardware component. Its mission is to help predict failures, optimize fuel and improve maintenance. It helps companies (particularly small to medium enterprises) become more competitive by helping them know when and where to look for problems and opportunities. King helps demystify AI by stating that it’s not the Terminator but rather a means for inputs/outputs and solutions. </p>
<p>ioCurrents starts by shipping a small box with Wi-Fi and two ethernet cables to plug in for a month of data. This builds a digital twin that establishes a normal baseline for its Automated Anomaly Detection (AAD) system. From there, it adds prescribed equipment thresholds (i.e., if OEM widget goes above x degrees or reaches a certain age, it will fail). </p>
<p>Examples: a 30-minute heads-up before a bearing failure, or five days advance notice on a generator outage due to a variance typically not alarmed on OEM panels, or the system detects anomalies when throttle, bearing temperatures and/or fuel pressure don’t all linearly increase.</p>
<p>Cosmo says that ioCurrents’ products are even changing crew behavior as the owner/operator is notified when any vessel in their fleet is idling too long and building carbon. Engines not under load are turned off, which reduces engine hours and maintenance, consumes less fuel and lowers emissions.</p>
<p><strong><em>Supply Chain Management</em></strong></p>
<p>To bolster and accelerate market velocity, Joseph Hudicka, Managing Director of Neurored, is leading the charge for the Seamless Shipper Experience. “If you don’t invest in yourself,” he says, “the other guy will crush you. Resiliency is what is needed through digital transformation and connectedness.” </p>
<p>As a trusted Salesforce Partner, Neurored harmonizes freight forwarders, traders and global shippers by tying together sourcing, logistics and sellers on a single cloud-based supply chain management and transportation management system software suite. Its Salesforce app allows users to track and trace vessels, vehicles and cargo containers using satellite AIS, IoT and integration with carriers.</p>
<p>Neurored leverages Salesforce Einstein AI’s growing network. Derived from data gathered on every user action, it integrates invoicing plus customer relationship management and is capable of real-time automated quotes with historical and predictive analytics. Atop of Salesforce’s proven and trusted platform and with clients like LafargeHolcim – not to mention playing a critical role in deploying personal protective equipment to front line workers – Neurored is prime time.</p>
<p><strong><em>A Higher Power</em></strong></p>
<p>For technology to truly become a value-add, it must perform several functions: Help alleviate workload, increase efficiencies, reduce risk and not overly displace our ability to provide. However, humanity now requires a higher (processing) power to adapt.</p>
<p>With our newfound ability to harness the power of a god from the machine, the immediate future appears bright for those willing to boldly go. </p>
<p><em>Former class surveyor and ISO auditor Sean Holt is a regular contributor to The Maritime Executive.</em></p>
<p>The opinions expressed herein are the author’s and not necessarily those of The Maritime Executive.</p>
<p><strong><a href=”https://blockads.fivefilters.org”></a></strong> <a href=”https://blockads.fivefilters.org/acceptable.html”>(Why?)</a></p>
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